| CULTURE OF CETINJE |
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| MUSEUMS |

Publishing and printing tradition
Cetinje has rich publishing and printing tradition. The printing house of Crnojevici (1492-1496) and the books published there are of great importance for Montenegrin culture and history as well as for the culture of other Orthodox Balkan peoples. Its greatest contribution refers to spreading Cyrillic type. Thus, it represents an important link on a chain of the world culture. There were a number of publishing houses that continued this great printing tradition. These are: Njegos’ printing house, which operated between 1833 and 1839, and the State Printing House, which was founded in 1858. It was renamed in 1952. Since then it has been known as “Obod.” The first Montenegrin literary and scientific annual called “Grlica” (“Turtledove”) was published in 1835 while the first Montenegrin papers named “A Montenegrin” was published in 1871. Since then, sixty different papers and over thirty magazines have been published. In the year of 1914, at Cetinje, a town having less than 6 000 inhabitants, the amazing 6 daily papers were published.
Thanks to the early publishing and printing tradition, the oldest libraries of Montenegro, where the oldest books and documentation of great value are being preserved, are located in Cetinje. It makes Cetinje internationally recognized as well. The oldest library among these is the library of Cetinje Monastery, which was founded by the 15th century at the time when printing house of Crnojevici started operating. Today, seventy-five old manuscripts written in Cyrillic, incunabula and many old liturgical books are kept there. The first public reading room in Montenegro known as “The Reading Room of Cetinje” was founded in 1896. Since its founding it has been the cultural center of Montenegro. The fruitful activity of this reading room was continued by the town library and reading room called “Njegos,” which disposes of over 63 000 books and volumes of periodicals. Cetinje is also famous for its museums. There are: The Museum of Cetinje Monastery, State Museum, Njegos’ Museum, The History Museum, Art Museum and Electric Industry Museum. All these, except the Museum of Cetinje Monastery and Electric Industry Museum, are integrated in one institution called The National Museum of Montenegro. Numerous museums and the huge fund of museum items that are kept there made Cetinje a town-museum. Cetinje has been the town of culture throughout the history, and remained as such up until today. Every 2nd year the international exhibition called Cetinje Biennial is being held there. Its founder is Prince Nikola, the great-grandson to King Nikola I. |
Museum of Cetinje monastery
The museum of Cetinje monastery contains rich fund of the monastery treasury. It is located in the part where are monastery shelters. In its china closets are rather valuable items made of various, mostly precious stones. Among the numerous exhibited displays, those regarded as very significant are epitrachelion of Sava Nemanjic, dating back from 13th century, the banner of the Balsic family (14th century) and the crosier of Ivan Crnojevic (15th century). In the museum are also precious displays such as archbishop’s chasubles belonging to the rulers from Petrovic-Njegos dynasty. These are bishop Danilo’s chasuble with omophorion, sakkos, epigonation and ivory mace, the chasuble of Petar I Petrovic Njegos with sakkos, omophorion, epitrachelion and silver mace as well as the chasuble of Petar II Petrovic Njegos with omorphion and epigonation. Apart from the chasubles, many applied art collections are being kept in the museum. There are items made of gold, silver-gilt with ornaments made of filigree, gems and jewels. There are also very beautiful wooden hand-made crosses such as the cross of archimandrite Gregory and Nestor dating back to 17/18th century and the cross of Metropolitan Rufim made by Djuro Cojnacanin, an artist, in 1634. In the museum of Cetinje Monastery is a collection of manuscripts, incunabula and paleotypes of immeasurable value. This collection includes manuscripts such as “The Gospel of Divos” dating back to the middle of 14th century. “Trebnik” with miniatures and “Four Gospels” from the monastery of Piva. The collection also includesincunabula like Cososlov, printed in Svaipolt Fiola printing house in Krakov in 1491 and a copy of Oktoih the First Courier dating back to 1494. As for the paleotypes, there are a few of them made by printers Bozidar Vukovic Podgoricanin and his son Vicenco and their followers. The museum disposes of a rich collection of icons dating back to the time between 17th and 19th century as well. |
The History Museum
The History Museum of Montenegro was founded in 1989 and it is located in the Governmental House. It comprises the whole social-economic, political military and cultural history of Montenegro. Central exposition and museum as a whole are divided into six sections: - Pre-Slavic period (from the very beginning to the time when Slavs came) - Medieval period (from 16th to 18th century) - Founding of Montenegro (1796-1878) - Modern Montenegro (1878-1916) - Montenegro as one of the Yugoslav republics (from 1918 on) The oldest documentation makes a part of the collection of archive records. These archeological materials come from Doclea, Budva and many other important sites of Montenegro. Collection of war trophies represents a special curiosity. This material have not been neither purchased nor received as a gift; they are part of Montenegrin history. Historical survey of Montenegrin development was presented by all its characteristics-cultural, educational, economic and social ones. |
Ethnographic museum
Ethnographic museum was founded in 1951. It is housed in the building of Serbian embassy and it has collections that represent economic conditions, nutriment, textile industry, clothing, arms, music instruments, as well as other elements of material and spiritual culture of Montenegro. Of great importance is impressive exposition of national art. Its value is proved on exhibitions in London, Moscow, Prague, etc. During the fights for freedom that lasted for centuries, national art collected art intentions of Montenegrins, as it was the only art expression of this people. |
Njegos’ museum
The museum dedicated to the great Montenegrin ruler and poet, Petar II Petrovic Njegos, was formed in 1951, in reconstructed Billiard House. Beside the Billiard House, Njgos’ residence, there is placed part of Njegos’ library and libraries of his precedor Petar I Petrovic, with a number of stored books referring to universal decimal classification, philosophy, religy, history and geography. Those books were printed between 1549 and 1851. In the library are represented Njegos’ literary works, among which the most important is the hand writing of “The Mountain Wreath”, and its different editions on South-Slavic and other languages. In the museum is exposed famous Njegos’ billiard, after which the Billiard House was named, arm-chair, resting chair, bishop’s rope – the Russian synod present, and two portraits, works of Johan Bes and Josip Tominac. There are kept rather valuable Njegos’ personal belongings as golden writing pen, ink pot, ring, notebook, personal arms and gusle (national instrument). |
Njegos’ native house
Njegos’ native house is located in the hamlet of the village Njegusi, called Erakovici. Its exposition represents the life of rich Montenegrin family at the beginning of the 19th century. House where Rade Tomov spent his childhood is complemented with ethnographic material and fine hand made arms, unavoidable ornament in every Montenegrin houseIts art and other materials, represente additional explanations about bishop Petar II Petrovic and dynasty Petrovic Njegos. |
The National Museum
The National Museum of Montenegro was founded in 1890. Since 1926 it is housed in the palace of King Nikola I. Museum represents the reconstructed residence of the last Montenegrin ruler, Nikola I. In its interior were reconstructed rooms in which Nikola I and his family worked and lived. They are full with authentic furniture pieces and with other objects used in everyday life of the royal family. The museum owns rich collections, among which the most important is collection of art paintings. |
Atelier Dado
Atelier Dado gallery atelier Dado was founded in April 2002. It is located in the house of Matanovic family and it is part of the National Museum of Montenegro. Gallery, which was atelier of the famous artist Dado Djuric, is transformed into space for promoting, first of all, Montenegrin art. |
Art Museum
The Art Museum of Montenegro was founded in 1850 originally as the Art Gallery of Montenegro. It is located in the building of Governmental House. Its home department i.e. The National Gallery comprises five collections: Art collection of Yugoslav people, Collection of Icons, Collection of Montenegrin paintings, Commemorative Collection of Milica Saric-Vukmanovic, Mural Copies Collection. Art collection of Yugoslav people represents an outline of 19th and 20th century art, containing the works of Serbian and Croatian romanticists and academic realists such as: Djura Jaksic, Djordje krstic, Novak Radonjic, Stevan Aleksic, Vlaho Bukovac, Celestin Medovic, Uros predict, Paja jovanovic and others, then the works of Serbian and Slovenian impressionists like: Milan Milovanovic, Nadezda Petrovic, Ivan Grohar, Matija Jama, Matija Sternen, Rihard Jakopic and others. As far as expressionism is concerned, there are a few painters worth mentioning like: Jovan Bjelic, Petar Dobrovic, Zora Petrovic, Milan Konjovic, etc. In the post-war collection there are works of artists like: Aleksa Celebonovic, Rudolf Sabljica, Miodrag B. Protic, Mario Pregelja, Nikola Martinoski, etc. Collection of Montenegrin paintings began with the works of the baroque artist Tripo Kokolj, and was maintained by the romanticists, realists and impressionists like: Anastas and Spiro Bocaric, Milo Vrbica, Ilija Sobajic, Djoko Popovic, Pero Pocek, Kosta Milicevic, sculptor Marko Brezanin and others. There are also works of artists belonging to Sezanism, Post-Cubism, Modern Classicism, Expressionism, and Poetic Realism. These are: Milo Milunovic, Mato Djuranovic, Mirko Kujacic, Mihailo Vukotic, Petar Lubarda, Jovan Zonjic, Milan Bozovic and sculptor Risto Stijovic. In the rich Post-War collection there are many works of painters and sculptors such as: Niko Djurovic, Mirko Kujacic, Savo Vujovic, Velisa Lekovic, Vuk Radovic, Gojko Berkuljan, Aleksandar Prijic, Branko Filipovic, Dado Djuric, Uros Toskovic, Vojo Stanic, Djordje Pravilovic, Nikola Vujosevic, Milos Sobajic, Dimitrije Popovic, Slobodan Slovinic, Djeljos Djokaj, Marko Borozan, Luka Tomanovic, Stevan Luketic, Ante Grzetic, Drago Djurovic and many other contemporary painters and sculptors. Commemorative collection of Milica Saric-Vukmanovic as a legacy of Svetozar Vukmanovic and his wife, contains, among the rest, works of Renoir, Picasso, Chagall, Salvador Dali, Renato Gutuzzo, Decko Uzunov. Collection of icons contains the works of Icon Printing School of the Bay of Kotor and a few icons of the foreign origin, whiole the Mural Copies collection contains the copies of the most valuable murals in Montenegro. The oldest icon in the museum collection is The Lady of Philerme. According to the legend it was painted by the angels themselves. It is one of thirty most famous relics of Christianity. It was only in 2001 when the icon became the part of the museum collection (in the blue chapel in the Governmental House) so that public can see its cultural, religious, historical and art values. |
| THEATRES |
Royal Theatre “Zetski Dom”
The premier theatre play at Cetinje was held in 1888. in the new built theatre called Zetski Dom. It was “The Empress of Balkans” written by Prince Nikola. Thanks to the Amateur Society of Cetinje founded by the end of 1883, and the occasional guest performances of the traveling theatre from Serbia and Vojvodina, the theatre of Cetinje had remained active up to the end of Montenegrin independence in 1916.
The actors from Belgrade, Zagreb and other places joined the troupe and the repertoire became more varying. Thus, up to the First World War, many plays written by William Shakespeare, Victor Hugo, Maksim Gorki, Smetana and other famous writers were performed on the scene of Zetski Dom. The theatre stopped working during the Austrian-Hungarian occupation. The building was destroyed as well as its inventory. The theatre was reconstructed in 1931. At the same time the Banovina Theatre with professional troupe was founded. In this new theatre many renowed actors played their roles and made a great contribution to the repertoire of the theatre. After Second World War, Zetski Dom was regarded as the republic theatre. From 1958 on, it became semi-professional theatre with five actors and amateur drama society. In 1971 it was integrated with the National Theatre of Titograd. The next year it stopped working. In the nineties, the theatre was renewed once again and its scene was enlarged. It was given the old name “Royal Theatre Zetski Dom.” |
Cetinje biennial
For Cetinje and Montenegrin art, the ambitious project Cetinje Biennial was of great importance. Its ideological founder is Prince Nikola, the great-grand son to King Nikola I. The founding of Biennial is related to the year of 1990 when the international art exhibition called Cetinje Biennial was held. Intention was that this exhibition should become international biennial of modern art. Cetinje Biennial, as manifestation with great spectrum of art activities is held every second year. |
| LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES |
City Library and reading room “Njegoš”
In the beginning of 1863 in Cetinje was founded reading room which, from 1879 had its own library. It was the first popular library in the free part of Montenegro The reading room, since its beginning was the cultural center of Montenegrin Old Royal Capital. Today, library has modern building, and it is equipped with more than 63.000 books. |
Central library “Djurdje Crnojevic”
The Central National library was preceded by Njegos; library which was founded in 1838 and the public State library which was founded in the December 11893. By the law of Montenegrin princely, library from 1896 was given a task to collect all the books relating to Montenegro written in various languages, as well as the books of other South-Slavic peoples. The overall fund of this library was destroyed in the First World War. The library was renewed in 1946, and since 1964 it has been called Djurdje Crnojevic. The holdings of this library were reconstructed by purchase, gifts and a required copy from all Yugoslav printing and publishing production. Today, it disposes of over one and a half million books and volumes of periodicals, maps, music sheets and unconventional library material. The library is housed in the buildings of French and Italian embassies. As a scientific institution, it not only completes, prepares and processes the books, but also publishes the national bibliography and organizes book fairs within the country and abroad. It has a rather developed publishing. It’s famous for its photo-type editions of rare and unique Montenegrin public publications. The periodical “Bibliographic Courier” is published three times a year. |
The state institute for preserving of cultural heritage
The state institute for preserving of cultural heritage was founded in 1948 aiming to preserve cultural heritage of Montenegro. Its activity includes collecting and processing of the documentation on cultural monuments of all kinds and keeping a central register of protected mobile and immobile documentation and research, Department for protection of monuments and Studios for conservation of mobile Monuments. (Studios for conservation of Paintings, Mosaic and Plastic Art, Studio for conserving of metals, glass and ceramics, Studio for conserving of old books and documents). The institute is housed in the ex Austrian-Hungarian embassy. |
State archives of Montenegro
State archives of Montenegro were founded in 1951. It inherited the documentation of the State archives of Montenegro which started operating in 1895. It owns the records of Montenegrin ministries from the very beginning of their work, back to 1879, the records of the Great Court, State Council, Ministerial Council, National Council and other administrative bodies founded up to 1916 as well as of emigrant governments that operated between 1916 and 1921. and Montenegrin Unification Committee (1917-1918). As a home institution, State Archives of Montenegro have been overtaking the records of the republic registry offices and institutions ever since it was founded. They process the material and make it available for scientific researches. State Archives of Montenegro preserve over 75 archive funds containing four and a half million of different documents in its terminals |